{"46280":{"#nid":"46280","#data":{"type":"news","title":"Clinical Trial Shows That Quadriplegics Can Use Tongue Drive System","body":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EAn assistive technology that enables individuals to maneuver a powered wheelchair or control a mouse cursor using simple tongue movements can be operated by individuals with high-level spinal cord injuries, according to the results of a recently completed clinical trial.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022This clinical trial has validated that the Tongue Drive system is intuitive and quite simple for individuals with high-level spinal cord injuries to use,\u0022 said Maysam Ghovanloo, an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. \u0022Trial participants were able to easily remember and correctly issue tongue commands to play computer games and drive a powered wheelchair around an obstacle course with very little prior training.\u0022\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the annual conference of the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) on June 26, the researchers reported the results of the first five clinical trial subjects to use the Tongue Drive system. The trial was conducted at the Shepherd Center, an Atlanta-based catastrophic care hospital, and funded by the National Science Foundation and the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe clinical trial tested the ability of these individuals with tetraplegia, as a result of high-level spinal cord injuries (cervical vertebrae C3-C5), to perform tasks related to computer access and wheelchair navigation -- using only their tongue movements. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the beginning of each trial, Ghovanloo and graduate students Xueliang Huo and Chih-wen Cheng attached a small magnet -- the size of a grain of rice -- to the participant\u0027s tongue with tissue adhesive. Movement of this magnetic tracer was detected by an array of magnetic field sensors mounted on wireless headphones worn by the subject. The sensor output signals were wirelessly transmitted to a portable computer, which was carried on the wheelchair.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe signals were processed to determine the relative motion of the magnet with respect to the array of sensors in real-time. This information was then used to control the movements of the cursor on a computer screen or to substitute for the joystick function in a powered wheelchair. Details on use of the Tongue Drive for wheeled mobility were published in the June 2009 issue of the journal \u003Cem\u003EIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGhovanloo chose the tongue to operate the system because unlike hands and feet, which are controlled by the brain through the spinal cord, the tongue is directly connected to the brain by a cranial nerve that generally escapes damage in severe spinal cord injuries or neuromuscular diseases.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore using the Tongue Drive system, the subjects trained the computer to understand how they would like to move their tongues to indicate different commands. A unique set of specific tongue movements was tailored for each individual based on the user\u0027s abilities, oral anatomy and personal preferences. For the first computer test, the user issued commands to move the computer mouse left and right. Using these commands, each subject played a computer game that required moving a paddle horizontally to prevent a ball from hitting the bottom of the screen. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter adding two more commands to their repertoire -- up and down -- the subjects were asked to move the mouse cursor through an on-screen maze as quickly and accurately as possible.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the researchers added two more commands -- single and double mouse clicks -- to provide the subject with complete mouse functionality. When a randomly selected symbol representing one of the six commands appeared on the computer screen, the subject was instructed to issue that command within a specified time period. Each subject completed 40 trials for each time period.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter the computer sessions, the subjects were ready for the wheelchair driving exercise. Using forward, backward, right, left and stop\/neutral tongue commands, the subjects maneuvered a powered wheelchair through an obstacle course. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe obstacle course contained 10 turns and was longer than a professional basketball court. Throughout the course, the users had to perform navigation tasks such as making a U-turn, backing up and fine-tuning the direction of the wheelchair in a limited space. Subjects were asked to navigate through the course as fast as they could, while avoiding collisions. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach subject operated the powered wheelchair using two different control strategies: discrete mode, which was designed for novice users, and continuous mode for more experienced users. In discrete mode, if the user issued the command to move forward and then wanted to turn right, the user would have to stop the wheelchair before issuing the command to turn right. The stop command was selected automatically when the tongue returned to its resting position, bringing the wheelchair to a standstill.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022Discrete mode is a safety feature particularly for novice users, but it reduces the agility of the wheelchair movement,\u0022 explained Ghovanloo. \u0022In continuous mode, however, the user is allowed to steer the powered wheelchair to the left or right as it is moving forward and backward, thus making it possible to follow a curve.\u0022\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEach subject completed the course at least twice using each strategy while the researchers recorded the navigation time and number of collisions. Using discrete control, the average speed for the five subjects was 5.2 meters per minute and the average number of collisions was 1.8. Using continuous control, the average speed was 7.7 meters per minute and the average number of collisions was 2.5.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile this initial performance trial only required six tongue commands, the Tongue Drive system can potentially capture a large number of tongue movements, each of which can represent a different user command. The ability to train the system with as many commands as an individual can comfortably remember and having all of the commands available to the user at the same time are significant advantages over the common sip-n-puff device that acts as a simple switch controlled by sucking or blowing through a straw. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome sip-n-puff users also consider the straw to be a symbol of their disability. Since Tongue Drive users simply wear headphones that are commonly worn to listen to music, the system is more acceptable to potential users.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohn Anschutz, manager of the assistive technology program at the Shepherd Center, identified advantages the Tongue Drive system has over the tongue-touch keypad.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022The Tongue Drive system seems to be much more supportable if there were a failure of some component within the system. With the old tongue-touch keypad, if the system went down then the user lost all of the functions of the wheelchair, phone, computer and environmental control,\u0022 explained Anschutz. \u0022Ghovanloo\u0027s approach should be much more repairable should a fault arise, which is critical for systems for which so much function is depended upon.\u0022  \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA future system upgrade will be to move the sensors inside the user\u0027s mouth, according to Ghovanloo. This will be an important step for users who are very impaired and cannot reposition the system for best results, according to Anschutz. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022All of the subjects successfully completed the computer and powered wheelchair navigation tasks with their tongues without difficulty, which demonstrates that the Tongue Drive system can potentially provide individuals unable to move their arms and hands with effective control over a wide variety of devices they use in their daily lives,\u0022 said Ghovanloo.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResearch News \u0026amp; Publications Office\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n75 Fifth Street, N.W., Suite 100\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAtlanta, Georgia  30308  USA\n\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMedia Relations Contacts: Abby Vogel (404-385-3364); E-mail: (\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:avogel@gatech.edu\u0022\u003Eavogel@gatech.edu\u003C\/a\u003E) or John Toon (404-894-6986); E-mail: (\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:jtoon@gatech.edu\u0022\u003Ejtoon@gatech.edu\u003C\/a\u003E).\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETechnical Contact:\u003C\/strong\u003E Maysam Ghovanloo (404-385-7048); E-mail: (\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:mgh@gatech.edu\u0022\u003Emgh@gatech.edu\u003C\/a\u003E)\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWriter:\u003C\/strong\u003E Abby Vogel\u003C\/p\u003E","summary":null,"format":"limited_html"}],"field_subtitle":[{"value":"Study Participants Used System to Operate Powered Wheelchair and Computer"}],"field_summary":[{"value":"An assistive technology that enables individuals to maneuver a powered wheelchair or control a mouse cursor using simple tongue movements can be operated by individuals with high-level spinal cord injuries, according to the results of a recently completed clinical trial.","format":"limited_html"}],"field_summary_sentence":[{"value":"Clinical trial shows tongue drive system assists disabled."}],"uid":"27206","created_gmt":"2009-07-06 00:00:00","changed_gmt":"2016-10-08 03:03:14","author":"Abby Vogel Robinson","boilerplate_text":"","field_publication":"","field_article_url":"","dateline":{"date":"2009-07-06T00:00:00-04:00","iso_date":"2009-07-06T00:00:00-04:00","tz":"America\/New_York"},"extras":[],"hg_media":{"46281":{"id":"46281","type":"image","title":"Cruise Bogle - wheelchair obstacle course","body":null,"created":"1449174375","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 20:26:15","changed":"1475894414","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:40:14","alt":"Cruise Bogle - wheelchair obstacle course","file":{"fid":"101066","name":"ttd83741.jpg","image_path":"\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/ttd83741_0.jpg","image_full_path":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/ttd83741_0.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","size":1416823,"path_740":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/740xx_scale\/public\/images\/ttd83741_0.jpg?itok=YIgJK6zz"}},"46282":{"id":"46282","type":"image","title":"Cruise Bogle training session","body":null,"created":"1449174375","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 20:26:15","changed":"1475894414","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:40:14","alt":"Cruise Bogle training session","file":{"fid":"101067","name":"tze83742.jpg","image_path":"\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/tze83742_0.jpg","image_full_path":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/tze83742_0.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","size":1097689,"path_740":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/740xx_scale\/public\/images\/tze83742_0.jpg?itok=fcISwkEW"}},"46283":{"id":"46283","type":"image","title":"Cruise Bogle and GT researchers","body":null,"created":"1449174375","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 20:26:15","changed":"1475894414","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:40:14","alt":"Cruise Bogle and GT researchers","file":{"fid":"101068","name":"txn83742.jpg","image_path":"\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/txn83742_0.jpg","image_full_path":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/txn83742_0.jpg","mime":"image\/jpeg","size":1543373,"path_740":"http:\/\/www.tlwarc.hg.gatech.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/740xx_scale\/public\/images\/txn83742_0.jpg?itok=txnxgddu"}}},"media_ids":["46281","46282","46283"],"related_links":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.ece.gatech.edu\/faculty-staff\/fac_profiles\/bio.php?id=147","title":"Maysam Ghovanloo"},{"url":"http:\/\/www.ece.gatech.edu\/","title":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering"},{"url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2009.2018632","title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering paper"}],"groups":[{"id":"1188","name":"Research Horizons"}],"categories":[{"id":"145","name":"Engineering"},{"id":"135","name":"Research"},{"id":"152","name":"Robotics"}],"keywords":[{"id":"2652","name":"assistive"},{"id":"439","name":"computer"},{"id":"7134","name":"cord"},{"id":"2646","name":"disabled"},{"id":"521","name":"injury"},{"id":"7132","name":"magnet"},{"id":"7131","name":"quadriplegic"},{"id":"167318","name":"sensor"},{"id":"170848","name":"spinal"},{"id":"623","name":"Technology"},{"id":"7135","name":"tetraplegia"},{"id":"7130","name":"tongue"},{"id":"1652","name":"wheelchair"}],"core_research_areas":[],"news_room_topics":[],"event_categories":[],"invited_audience":[],"affiliations":[],"classification":[],"areas_of_expertise":[],"news_and_recent_appearances":[],"phone":[],"contact":[{"value":"\u003Cstrong\u003EAbby Vogel\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearch News and Publications\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.gatech.edu\/contact\/index.html?id=avogel6\u0022\u003EContact Abby Vogel\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E404-385-3364\u003C\/strong\u003E","format":"limited_html"}],"email":["avogel@gatech.edu"],"slides":[],"orientation":[],"userdata":""}}}