{"70063":{"#nid":"70063","#data":{"type":"news","title":"Fast-Evolving Genes Control Developmental Differences in Social Insects","body":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EGenes essential to producing the developmental differences displayed by social insects evolve more rapidly than genes governing other aspects of organismal function, a new study has found. \u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll species of life are able to develop in different ways by varying the genes they express, ultimately becoming different shapes, sizes, colors and sexes. This plasticity permits organisms to operate successfully in their environments. A new study of the genomes of social insects provides insight into the evolution of the genes involved in this developmental plasticity.  \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study, which was conducted by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, showed that genes involved in creating different sexes, life stages and castes of fire ants and honeybees evolved more rapidly than genes not involved in these developmental processes. The researchers also found that these fast-evolving genes exhibited elevated rates of evolution even before they were recruited to produce diverse forms of an organism.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022This was a totally unexpected finding because most theory suggested that genes involved in producing diverse forms of an organism would evolve rapidly specifically because they generated developmental differences,\u0022 said Michael Goodisman, an associate professor in the School of Biology at Georgia Tech. \u0022Instead, this study suggests that fast-evolving genes are actually predisposed to generating new developmental forms.\u0022\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe results of the study will be published in the Sept. 20, 2011 issue of the journal \u003Cem\u003EProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003C\/em\u003E. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project was an international collaboration between Goodisman, associate professor Soojin Yi and postdoctoral fellow Brendan Hunt from the Georgia Tech School of Biology, and professor Laurent Keller, research scientist DeWayne Shoemaker, and postdoctoral fellows Lino Ometto and Yannick Wurm from the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Lausanne.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocial insects exhibit a sophisticated social structure in which queens reproduce and workers engage in tasks related to brood-rearing and colony defense. By investigating the evolution of genes associated with castes, sexes and developmental stages of the invasive fire ant \u003Cem\u003ESolenopsis invicta\u003C\/em\u003E, the researchers explored how social insects produce such a diversity of form and function from genetically similar individuals. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022Social insects provided the perfect test subjects because they can develop into such dramatically different forms,\u0022 said Goodisman. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMicroarray analyses revealed that many fire ant genes were regulated differently depending on whether the fire ant was male or female, queen or worker, and pupal or adult. These differentially expressed genes exhibited elevated rates of evolution, as predicted. In addition, genes that were differentially expressed in multiple contexts -- castes, sexes or developmental stages -- tended to evolve more rapidly than genes that were differentially expressed in only a single context.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo examine when the genes with elevated rates of evolution began to evolve rapidly, the researchers compared the rate of evolution of genes associated with the production of castes in the fire ant with the same genes in a wasp that does not have a caste system. They found that the genes were rapidly evolving in the genomes of both species, even though only one produced a caste system. These results were also replicated for the honeybee \u003Cem\u003EApis mellifera\u003C\/em\u003E.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022This is one the most comprehensive studies of the evolution of genes involved in producing developmental differences,\u0022 Goodisman noted.  \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis study helps explain the fundamental evolutionary processes that allow organisms to develop different adaptive forms. Future research will include determining what these fast-evolving genes do and how they\u0027re involved in the production of different sexes, life stages and castes, said Goodisman.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis project is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (Award No. DEB-0640690). The content is solely the responsibility of the principal investigators and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NSF.\u003C\/em\u003E\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResearch News \u0026amp; Publications Office\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n75 Fifth Street, N.W., Suite 314\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nAtlanta, Georgia  30308  USA\u003C\/strong\u003E\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMedia Relations Contacts:\u003C\/strong\u003E Abby Robinson (abby@innovate.gatech.edu; 404-385-3364) or John Toon (jtoon@gatech.edu; 404-894-6986)\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWriter:\u003C\/strong\u003E Abby Robinson\u003C\/p\u003E","summary":null,"format":"limited_html"}],"field_subtitle":"","field_summary":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EA new study found that genes involved in creating different sexes, life stages and castes of fire ants and honeybees evolved more rapidly than genes not involved in these developmental processes.\u003C\/p\u003E","format":"limited_html"}],"field_summary_sentence":[{"value":"Genes that contribute to development in social insects evolve rapidly."}],"uid":"27206","created_gmt":"2011-09-19 00:00:00","changed_gmt":"2016-10-08 03:10:09","author":"Abby Vogel Robinson","boilerplate_text":"","field_publication":"","field_article_url":"","dateline":{"date":"2011-09-19T00:00:00-04:00","iso_date":"2011-09-19T00:00:00-04:00","tz":"America\/New_York"},"extras":[],"hg_media":{"70064":{"id":"70064","type":"image","title":"queen and worker fire ants","body":null,"created":"1449177288","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 21:14:48","changed":"1475894614","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:43:34"},"70065":{"id":"70065","type":"image","title":"fire ant castes, sexes and life stages","body":null,"created":"1449177288","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 21:14:48","changed":"1475894614","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:43:34"},"70066":{"id":"70066","type":"image","title":"fire ant swarm","body":null,"created":"1449177288","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 21:14:48","changed":"1475894614","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:43:34"}},"media_ids":["70064","70065","70066"],"related_links":[{"url":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1104825108","title":"PNAS paper"},{"url":"http:\/\/www.biology.gatech.edu\/people\/michael-goodisman\/","title":"Michael Goodisman"},{"url":"http:\/\/www.biology.gatech.edu\/people\/soojin-yi","title":"Soojin Yi"},{"url":"http:\/\/www.biology.gatech.edu\/","title":"School of Biology"}],"groups":[{"id":"1188","name":"Research Horizons"}],"categories":[{"id":"146","name":"Life Sciences and Biology"},{"id":"135","name":"Research"}],"keywords":[{"id":"14337","name":"Apis mellifera"},{"id":"7473","name":"caste"},{"id":"4896","name":"College of Sciences"},{"id":"351","name":"development"},{"id":"3028","name":"evolution"},{"id":"14339","name":"fast-evolving genes"},{"id":"14335","name":"Fire Ants"},{"id":"8906","name":"genes"},{"id":"5718","name":"Genetics"},{"id":"2228","name":"honeybees"},{"id":"11811","name":"Michael Goodisman"},{"id":"167630","name":"Social Insects"},{"id":"171120","name":"Solenopsis Invicta"},{"id":"168087","name":"Soojin Yi"}],"core_research_areas":[],"news_room_topics":[],"event_categories":[],"invited_audience":[],"affiliations":[],"classification":[],"areas_of_expertise":[],"news_and_recent_appearances":[],"phone":[],"contact":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAbby Robinson\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearch News and Publications\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.gatech.edu\/contact\/index.html?id=avogel6\u0022\u003EContact Abby Robinson\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E404-385-3364\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E","format":"limited_html"}],"email":["abby@innovate.gatech.edu"],"slides":[],"orientation":[],"userdata":""}}}