{"73757":{"#nid":"73757","#data":{"type":"news","title":"Changes to Embryos Can Elicit Change in Adult Fish","body":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a study illustrating the apparent linkages between the evolutionary development and embryonic development of species, researchers have uncovered the genetic elements that determine the structure and function of a simple biomechanical system, the lower jaw of the cichlid fish. In addition, they\u0027ve shown that increasing expression of a particular gene in an embryo can lead to physical changes in the adult fish. The results appear in the November 11, 2005 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022We\u0027re using the jaw to think about the genetic basis of biomechanical systems,\u0022 said J. Todd Streelman, assistant professor in the School of Biology at the Georgia Institute of Technology. \u0022We want to understand the genes that control this lever system. What we found was that this simple biomechanical system is much more complex than previously thought.\u0022 \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStreelman, along with colleagues from the Forsyth Institute at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine and the Hubbard Center for Genome Studies at the University of New Hampshire, predicted that components of the jaw that were functionally or developmentally related would be controlled by the same set of genes, or genetically integrated. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022We were surprised to see that the genetic basis of components involved in opening the jaw is independent of the jaw-closing system,\u0022 said Streelman. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers compared two cichlid species that dwell in Africa\u0027s Lake Malawi. One species had force modified jaws that are more adept at biting prey; the other had speed modified jaws, which are more accomplished at using suction to feed on plankton. Each jaw system is essentially a lever system made up of one out-lever and two in-levers.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022We found that as the closing in-lever gets longer, the out-lever gets shorter and vice-versa,\u0022 explained Streelman. \u0022When the in-lever is long, this gives the jaw a high mechanical advantage and the jaw can produce more force for biting. When the out-lever is long, that results in a lower mechanical advantage and a better design for suction-feeding. This negative correlation is produced by genetic integration.\u0022\n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, when the team mapped the regions of the genome controlling the jaw-opening system, they found that these levers are controlled by different chromosomes. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn another part of the study, researchers showed that the gene bmp4 is a major factor in controlling the jaw-closing system. When the team injected bmp4 protein into the developing embryos of another fish species, the zebrafish, they saw that the mechanical advantage (and thus the biting power)of the jaw increased. \n\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0022This experiment fuses the traditional disciplines of developmental genetics and evolutionary biology,\u0022 said Streelman. \u0022We\u0027ve demonstrated that important functional differences operating in adult organisms are elicited by changes in early development. Our next goal is to understand the genetic bases underlying the differences between the simple biomechanical system of the lower jaw and complex systems of the anterior jaw in these fish.\u0022\n\u003C\/p\u003E","summary":null,"format":"limited_html"}],"field_subtitle":[{"value":"Researchers uncover genetic foundation of fish jaws"}],"field_summary":[{"value":"In a study illustrating the apparent linkages between the evolutionary and embryonic development of species, researchers have shown that increasing expression of a particular gene in an embryo can lead to physical changes in the adult fish.","format":"limited_html"}],"field_summary_sentence":[{"value":"Researchers uncover genetic foundation of fish jaws"}],"uid":"27310","created_gmt":"2005-11-08 01:00:00","changed_gmt":"2016-10-08 03:02:23","author":"David Terraso","boilerplate_text":"","field_publication":"","field_article_url":"","dateline":{"date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00-05:00","iso_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00-05:00","tz":"America\/New_York"},"extras":[],"hg_media":{"73758":{"id":"73758","type":"image","title":"Chilotilapia rhoadesii","body":null,"created":"1449178012","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 21:26:52","changed":"1475894678","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:44:38"},"73759":{"id":"73759","type":"image","title":"Copadichromis eucinostomus","body":null,"created":"1449178012","gmt_created":"2015-12-03 21:26:52","changed":"1475894678","gmt_changed":"2016-10-08 02:44:38"}},"media_ids":["73758","73759"],"related_links":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.biology.gatech.edu\/professors\/streelman.htm","title":"J. Todd Streelman"}],"groups":[{"id":"1214","name":"News Room"}],"categories":[],"keywords":[],"core_research_areas":[],"news_room_topics":[],"event_categories":[],"invited_audience":[],"affiliations":[],"classification":[],"areas_of_expertise":[],"news_and_recent_appearances":[],"phone":[],"contact":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGeorgia Tech Media Relations\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELaura Diamond\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:laura.diamond@comm.gatech.edu\u0022\u003Elaura.diamond@comm.gatech.edu\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E404-894-6016\u003Cbr \/\u003EJason Maderer\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022mailto:maderer@gatech.edu\u0022\u003Emaderer@gatech.edu\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E404-660-2926\u003C\/p\u003E","format":"limited_html"}],"email":["david.terraso@comm.gatech.edu"],"slides":[],"orientation":[],"userdata":""}}}